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select angularjs

June 22, 2019

Angularjs provides way to bind HTML select element with angularjs model

select directive also provide dynamic option value using ng-repeat and ng-options

When the item from select element is get selected from option then it is bind with the value of ng-model associated with select element using angularjs two way binding.

Setting option value using value attribute of option element will set this value as string.

On selection this value in ng-model the model variable must be string type.

https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/angular.js/1.7.8/angular.min.js

select is

<select ng-model="string" [name="string" ]="" [multiple="string" [required="string" [ng-required="string" [ng-change="string" [ng-options="string" [ng-attr-size="string">
...
</select>

...

</select>

description of parameters fields are self explanatory.

To access value in model you have to provide modal name rest attributes are optional as per requirement any one can use.

let us see one basic example for selecting a value in model

Example

<script src="https://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/angularjs/1.6.9/angular.min.js"></script>
<div ng-app="myApp" ng-controller="selectController">
 <form name="myForm">
    <label for="favouriteColor"> Select You Favourite Color: </label><br>
    <select name="favouriteColor" ng-model="favouriteColor">
      <option value="red">Red</option>
      <option value="green">Green</option>
            <option value="blue">Blue</option>
      <option value="orange">Orange</option>
    </select><br>
    you have selected: {{favouriteColor}}
    </form>
</div>

<script>
var app = angular.module('myApp', []);
app.controller('selectController', function($scope) {
});
</script>

<label for="favouriteColor"> Select You Favourite Color: </label><br>

<option value="green">Green</option>

<option value="orange">Orange</option>

</select><br>

you have selected: {{favouriteColor}}

</form>

</div>

var app = angular.module('myApp', []);

app.controller('selectController', function($scope) {

});

</script>

populating select with dynamic values

<script src="https://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/angularjs/1.6.9/angular.min.js"></script>
<div ng-app="myApp" ng-controller="selectController1">
 <form name="myForm">
    <label for="favouriteColor"> Select You Favourite Color: </label><br>
    <select name="favouriteColor" ng-model="favouriteColor">
     <option ng-repeat="color in colors" ng-value="color">{{color}}</option>
    </select><br>
    you have selected: {{favouriteColor}}
    </form>
</div>

<script>
var app = angular.module('myApp', []);
app.controller('selectController1', function($scope) {
$scope.colors=["Red","Greed","Blue","Orange"];
});
</script>

<label for="favouriteColor"> Select You Favourite Color: </label><br>

<option ng-repeat="color in colors" ng-value="color">{{color}}</option>

</select><br>

you have selected: {{favouriteColor}}

</form>

</div>

var app = angular.module('myApp', []);

app.controller('selectController1', function($scope) {

$scope.colors=["Red","Greed","Blue","Orange"];

});

</script>

selecting a id based on value from json array as below

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<script src="https://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/angularjs/1.6.9/angular.min.js"></script>
<body>

<div ng-app="myApp" ng-controller="selectController2">
 <form name="myForm">
    <label for="favouriteColor"> Select You Favourite Color: </label><br>
    <select name="favouriteColor" ng-model="favouriteColor">
     <option ng-repeat="color in colors" ng-value="color.id">{{color.name}}</option>
    </select><br>
    you have selected: {{favouriteColor}}
    </form>
</div>

<script>
var app = angular.module('myApp', []);
app.controller('selectController2', function($scope) {
$scope.colors=[{id:1, name:"Red"},
               {id:2,name:"Greed"},
               {id:3,name:"Blue"},
               {id:4, name:"Orange"}
               ];
});
</script>
</body>
</html>

<!DOCTYPE html>

<html>

<body>

<label for="favouriteColor"> Select You Favourite Color: </label><br>

<option ng-repeat="color in colors" ng-value="color.id">{{color.name}}</option>

</select><br>

you have selected: {{favouriteColor}}

</form>

</div>

var app = angular.module('myApp', []);

app.controller('selectController2', function($scope) {

$scope.colors=[{id:1, name:"Red"},

{id:2,name:"Greed"},

{id:3,name:"Blue"},

{id:4, name:"Orange"}

];

});

</script>

</body>

</html>

To select multiple in above program use multiple with select element as below

<select name="favouriteColor" ng-model="favouriteColor" multiple="">
     <option ng-repeat="color in colors" ng-value="color.id">{{color.name}}</option>
    </select><br>

<option ng-repeat="color in colors" ng-value="color.id">{{color.name}}</option>

</select><br>

by holding control key with click can select multiple values

Using ng-option with select to generate dynamic option value

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<script src="https://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/angularjs/1.6.9/angular.min.js"></script>
<body>

<div ng-app="myApp" ng-controller="selectController2">
 <form name="myForm">
    <label for="favouriteColor"> Select You Favourite Color: </label><br>
    <select name="favouriteColor" ng-model="favouriteColor" ng-options="color.id as color.name for color in colors" >{{color.name}}</option>
    </select><br>
    you have selected: {{favouriteColor}}
    </form>
</div>

<script>
var app = angular.module('myApp', []);
app.controller('selectController2', function($scope) {
$scope.colors=[{id:1, name:"Red"},
               {id:2,name:"Greed"},
               {id:3,name:"Blue"},
               {id:4, name:"Orange"}
               ];
});
</script>
</body>
</html>

<!DOCTYPE html>

<html>

<body>

<label for="favouriteColor"> Select You Favourite Color: </label><br>

<select name="favouriteColor" ng-model="favouriteColor" ng-options="color.id as color.name for color in colors" >{{color.name}}</option>

</select><br>

you have selected: {{favouriteColor}}

</form>

</div>

var app = angular.module('myApp', []);

app.controller('selectController2', function($scope) {

$scope.colors=[{id:1, name:"Red"},

{id:2,name:"Greed"},

{id:3,name:"Blue"},

{id:4, name:"Orange"}

];

});

</script>

</body>

</html>

pre populating any specific value in ng-options is easy in following example you can see this.

Consider we have to populate Blue as default value then set $scope.favouriteColor=3 in controller

see below

$scope.favouriteColor=3;

1	$scope.favouriteColor=3;

JavaScript Overlays

April 28, 2019

There are different kinds of overlays for modal dialogs for prompting,

overlays for info or warning boxes, tabbed overlays, alerting usersoverlays for displaying complex data.

The overlay can implement on HTML like images, links, forms, tables, any type of div and any can be styled with CSS, like rounded borders, shadows or gradients etc.

Core behaviors are configurable such as positioning, animation durations and closing the overlay.

Overlay offers a good container for other tools. Think of scrollables, tabs or accordions inside the Overlay.

<html>
   <head>
      <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1">
      <style>
         #overlay {
         position: fixed;
         display: none;
         width: 100%;
         height: 100%;
         top: 0;
         left: 0;
         right: 0;
         bottom: 0;
         background-color: rgba(0,0,0,0.5);
         z-index: 2;
         cursor: pointer;
         }
      </style>
   </head>
   <body>
      <div id="overlay" onclick="off()"></div>
      <div>
         <button onclick="on()">On the overlay effect</button>
      </div>
      <script>
         function on() {
         document.getElementById("overlay").style.display = "block";
         }
         
         function off() {
         document.getElementById("overlay").style.display = "none";
         }
      </script>
   </body>
</html>

<html>

<head>

<style>

#overlay {

position: fixed;

display: none;

width: 100%;

height: 100%;

top: 0;

left: 0;

right: 0;

bottom: 0;

background-color: rgba(0,0,0,0.5);

z-index: 2;

cursor: pointer;

}

</style>

</head>

<body>

<div>

<button onclick="on()">On the overlay effect</button>

</div>

function on() {

document.getElementById("overlay").style.display = "block";

}

function off() {

document.getElementById("overlay").style.display = "none";

}

</script>

</body>

</html>

Array of pointers in C Programming

April 14, 2019

Example: Write a program to assign the address of array elements to pointer variable and print the array element with address.

#include <stdio.h>
 int main ()
 {
  int  arr[] = {10, 20, 30};
  int i, *ptr[3];
 
   	for ( i = 0; i < 3; i++)
 	{
      		ptr[i] = &arr[i];      // assign the address array element to pointer variable
  	 }
   
  	 for ( i = 0; i < 3; i++) 
{
     		 printf("\n Value of arr[%d] = %d", i, *ptr[i] );
      		printf("\n Address of arr[%d] = %d", i, ptr[i] );
  	 }
    return 0;
}

#include <stdio.h>

int main ()

{

int arr[] = {10, 20, 30};

int i, *ptr[3];

for ( i = 0; i < 3; i++)

{

ptr[i] = &arr[i]; // assign the address array element to pointer variable

}

for ( i = 0; i < 3; i++)

{

printf("\n Value of arr[%d] = %d", i, *ptr[i] );

printf("\n Address of arr[%d] = %d", i, ptr[i] );

}

return 0;

}

OUTPUT

Value of arr[0] = 10
 Address of arr[0] = 1392582964
 Value of arr[1] = 20
 Address of arr[1] = 1392582968
 Value of arr[2] = 30
 Address of arr[2] = 1392582972

Value of arr[0] = 10

Address of arr[0] = 1392582964

Value of arr[1] = 20

Address of arr[1] = 1392582968

Value of arr[2] = 30

Address of arr[2] = 1392582972

While Statement in C Programming

April 3, 2019

“while loop” repeats a set of statements if condition is true. If condition is false the flow of control do not enter inside of while loop.

It first tests the condition then execute the body of loop.

Syntax of a while statement−

while(condition) 
{
     Statement1; 
     Statement2;
      ----
      ----

    Increment/Decrement; 
}

while(condition)

{

Statement1;

Statement2;

----

Increment/Decrement;

}

Example: Write a program to print 1 to 10 using while loop.

#include <stdio.h>

int main()
{
    int a = 1;

    while (a <= 10) //  loop executes 10 times				
    {
        printf(" %d \n", a);
        a++;
    }
    return 0;
}

#include <stdio.h>

int main()

{

int a = 1;

while (a <= 10) // loop executes 10 times

{

printf(" %d \n", a);

a++;

}

return 0;

}

OUTPUT

Description: In the above program, line “while( a <= 10 )” will check if condition is true or false.

In the above case when a=1, condition is true and flow of control move inside of while and print 1 after that increment occurs.

Now a=2, again condition is true and flow of control move inside of while and print 2 after that increment occurs.

Now a=3, again condition is true and flow of control move inside of while and print 3 after that increment occurs.

This process is continue until condition is false(in this case condition false occur when a=11).

Example: Write a program to print 10 to 1 using while loop.

#include <stdio.h>

int main() {
    int a = 10;

    while (a > 0) //  loop executes 10 times	
    {
        printf(" %d \n", a);
        a--;
    }
    return 0;
}

#include <stdio.h>

int main() {

int a = 10;

while (a > 0) // loop executes 10 times

{

printf(" %d \n", a);

a--;

}

return 0;

}

OUTPUT

Switch Statement in C Programming

March 31, 2019

“switch” is a case control structure.

It contains case and default values.

“switch” statement takes a value as a expression for equality testing against a list of values/case.

syntax for a switch statement:-

switch (expression) {
case constant-expression:
                            statement(s);
                            break; /* optional */

case constant-expression:
                             statement(s);
                             break; /* optional */

                       /* you can have any number of case statements */
default:
 /* Optional */
                   statement(s);
}

switch (expression) {

case constant-expression:

statement(s);

break; /* optional */

case constant-expression:

statement(s);

break; /* optional */

/* you can have any number of case statements */

default:

/* Optional */

statement(s);

}

Rules of switch statement −

In a “switch” statement we can have any number of case.

for equality testing against a list of values/case, constant-expression for a case must be the same data type as the variable in the switch expression.

When “switch” expression value is equal to a case, the statements following that case will execute until a break statement is reached/executes.

When a break statement is reached/executes, the switch statement terminates, and the control jumps to the outside of switch.

a break is a optional. If there is no break in the switch case, the flow of control will jump to the next case of switch until a break is reached.

A switch statement also have a default case, which appear at the end of the switch. when none of the cases is true then default case will execute.

No break is needed in the default case. “default” case is also an optional.

Example: Write a program to take one numbers from user between 1 to 3. Write entered number in words if number between 1 to 3 otherwise print wrong number using switch.

#
include <stdio.h>
int main() {
   int n;
   printf(" enter number between 1 to 3");
   scanf("%d", &n);
   switch (n) {
   case 1:
      printf("\n one");
      break;
   case 2:
      printf("\n two");
      break;
   case 3:
      printf("\n three");
      break;
   default:
      printf("\n wrong number");
   }
   return 0;
}

include <stdio.h>

int main() {

int n;

printf(" enter number between 1 to 3");

scanf("%d", &n);

switch (n) {

case 1:

printf("\n one");

break;

case 2:

printf("\n two");

break;

case 3:

printf("\n three");

break;

default:

printf("\n wrong number");

}

return 0;

}

OUTPUT

enter number between 1 to 3
 2	// user entered 2	
 two

enter number between 1 to 3

2 // user entered 2

two

Note: In the above program, for example user enters a number 6 then output will be as follows:

enter number between 1 to 3
 6	// user entered 6	
 wrong number

enter number between 1 to 3

6 // user entered 6

wrong number

Example: Write a program using switch statement but without break.

#include <stdio.h>
int main() {
   char c = 'B';

   switch (c) {
   case 'A':
      printf("Excellent!\n");
      break;
   case 'B':
   case 'C':
      printf("Well done\n");
   case 'D':
      printf("You passed\n");
      break;
   case 'F':
      printf("Better try again\n");
      break;
   default:
      printf("Invalid Character  \n");
   }
   return 0;
}

#include <stdio.h>

int main() {

char c = 'B';

switch (c) {

case 'A':

printf("Excellent!\n");

break;

case 'B':

case 'C':

printf("Well done\n");

case 'D':

printf("You passed\n");

break;

case 'F':

printf("Better try again\n");

break;

default:

printf("Invalid Character \n");

}

return 0;

}

OUTPUT

Well done
You passed

1 2	Well done You passed

Description: Because if there is no break in the switch case, the flow of control will jump to the next case of switch until a break is reached.

Note: In the above program, for example value of char variable c = ‘ A’ then the output will be as follows:

Excellent

Excellent

Nested switch statements

In C programming language we can define switch statement within another switch.

Syntax for a nested switch statement: −

switch (ch1) {
case constant - expression:
   printf("case A of outer switch");

   switch (ch2) {
   case constant - expression:
      printf("case  A of inner switch");
      break;
   case constant - expression:
      /* case code */
   }

   break;

case 'B':
   /* case code */
}

switch (ch1) {

case constant - expression:

printf("case A of outer switch");

switch (ch2) {

case constant - expression:

printf("case A of inner switch");

break;

case constant - expression:

/* case code */

}

break;

case 'B':

/* case code */

}

if else statement in C programming

March 31, 2019

In the C language decision making statement is executes if the given condition is true otherwise conditional block will never execute.

In C language non-zero and non-null values are consider as true, and zero or null values are consider false.

if statement

Syntax of an if statement −

if(expression)
 { 
    statements;
 }

if(expression)

{

statements;

}

In a if statement if the expression result is non zero true, then the block of statement of the ‘if’ statement will be executed. If the expression result is zero, then the block of statement of the ‘if’ statement will not executed and control sent to the next line of if block.

Example: Write a program to demonstrate the ‘if’ statement.

#include <stdio.h>
int main() 
    {
      int x = 10;
      int y = 25;
      if (x < y)	// condition x<y is true  it returns 1 therefore if block will execute
      {
        printf("Sum of x+y = %i", (x + y));
      }
     printf("\n after if statement %d",z);
      return 0;
    }

#include <stdio.h>

int main()

{

int x = 10;

int y = 25;

if (x < y) // condition x<y is true it returns 1 therefore if block will execute

{

printf("Sum of x+y = %i", (x + y));

}

printf("\n after if statement %d",z);

return 0;

}

OUTPUT

Sum of x+y = 35
 after if statement

1 2	Sum of x+y = 35 after if statement

In the above program if(x>y) then the condition will be false and ‘if’ block will never execute.

#include &lt; stdio.h &gt;<br>   int main() {<br>      int x = 10;<br>      int y = 25;<br>      if (x &gt; y) // condition x&gt;y is false therefore if block will not execute <br>      {<br>         printf("Sum of x+y = %i", (x + y));<br>      }<br>      printf("\n after if statement");<br>      return 0;<br>   }<br>

1	#include < stdio.h ><br> int main() {<br> int x = 10;<br> int y = 25;<br> if (x > y) // condition x>y is false therefore if block will not execute <br> {<br> printf("Sum of x+y = %i", (x + y));<br> }<br> printf("\n after if statement");<br> return 0;<br> }<br>

OUTPUT

 after if statement

1	after if statement

if-else statement

Syntax of an ‘if-else’ statement −

if(expression)
{
   statements
}
else
{
   statements
}

if(expression)

{

statements

}

else

{

statements

}

In a ‘if-else’ statement if the expression is&nbsp;<strong>non zero, </strong>then the block of statements of the 'if' statement will be executed. If the statement expression is&nbsp;<strong>zero,</strong> then the block of code of the 'else' statement will executed.<br><br>

1	In a ‘if-else’ statement if the expression is <strong>non zero, </strong>then the block of statements of the 'if' statement will be executed. If the statement expression is <strong>zero,</strong> then the block of code of the 'else' statement will executed.<br><br>

Example: Write a program to take two numbers from user and find the grater between them using ‘if-else’ statement.

#include <stdio.h>
   int main()
   {
      int x;
      int y;
      printf("enter  1st number");	
            scanf("%d", & x); // 10	
            printf("enter 2 nd number");
               scanf("%d", & y); // 30

               if (x > y) // check condition x>y 
               {
                  printf("grater value=  %d", x);
               } else {
                  printf("\n grater value=  %d", y);
               }
               return 0;
     }

#include <stdio.h>

int main()

{

int x;

int y;

printf("enter 1st number");

scanf("%d", & x); // 10

printf("enter 2 nd number");

scanf("%d", & y); // 30

if (x > y) // check condition x>y

{

printf("grater value= %d", x);

} else {

printf("\n grater value= %d", y);

}

return 0;

}

OUTPUT

enter  1st number 34
enter 2 nd number 2
grater value=  34

enter 1st number 34

enter 2 nd number 2

grater value= 34

Nested If else

In a C language we can use if statement inside another if statement(s).

Syntax of an ‘nested -if’ statement −

if(expression1) {
    statements
	
	If (expression2)
	{	
              statements
	}
}

if(expression1) {

statements

If (expression2)

{

statements

}

Example: Write a program to take two numbers from user if both number are between 1 to 9 then print “Good” using nested-if statement.

#
include < stdio.h >
   int main() {
      int x;
      int y;
      printf("enter  1st number");
      scanf("%d", & x); // 5					
      printf("enter  2nd number");
      scanf("%d", & y); // 7

      if (x < 10) // check condition x<10
      {
         if (y < 10) // nested-if, check condition y<10
         {
            printf("Good");
         }
      }
      return 0;
   }

include < stdio.h >

int main() {

int x;

int y;

printf("enter 1st number");

scanf("%d", & x); // 5

printf("enter 2nd number");

scanf("%d", & y); // 7

if (x < 10) // check condition x<10

{

if (y < 10) // nested-if, check condition y<10

{

printf("Good");

}

return 0;

}

OUTPUT

enter  1st number3
enter  2nd number2
Good

enter 1st number3

enter 2nd number2

Good

Nested if else statement

In a C language we can use if or if-else statement inside another if or if-else statement(s).

Syntax of an ‘if-else’ statement −

if(expression1)
 {
   statements
	
	if (expression2)
	{
	   statements
	}
}
else
{
	if (expression3)
	{	statements
	}

}

if(expression1)

{

statements

if (expression2)

{

statements

}

else

{

if (expression3)

{ statements

}

Example: Write a program to take three numbers from user and find the grater among them using ‘nested if-else’ statement.

#include <stdio.h>
   int main() {
      int n1, n2, n3;
      printf("Enter three numbers: ");
      scanf("%d %d %d", &n1, &n2, &n3);

      if (n1 >= n2) {
         if (n1 >= n3) {
            printf("The largest number= %d", n1);
         } else {
            printf("The largest number = %d ", n3);
            }
         } else {
            if (n2 >= n3) {
               printf("The largest number= %d", n2);
            } else {
               printf("The largest number=%d", n3);
            }
         }
         return 0;
      }

#include <stdio.h>

int main() {

int n1, n2, n3;

printf("Enter three numbers: ");

scanf("%d %d %d", &n1, &n2, &n3);

if (n1 >= n2) {

if (n1 >= n3) {

printf("The largest number= %d", n1);

} else {

printf("The largest number = %d ", n3);

}

} else {

if (n2 >= n3) {

printf("The largest number= %d", n2);

} else {

printf("The largest number=%d", n3);

}

return 0;

}

OUTPUT

Enter three numbers:
20
10
30
The largest number= 30

Enter three numbers:

The largest number= 30

If else ladder

some times if can be nested inside else as below

if (expression1) {
   statements;
} else {
   if (expression2)
   {
        statements;
   }
   else {
         if (expression3) 
          {
               statements;
          }
      }

   }

}

if (expression1) {

statements;

} else {

if (expression2)

{

statements;

}

else {

if (expression3)

{

statements;

}

above statements can be written as

if (expression1) {
   statements;
} else if (expression2) {

   statements;
} else if (expression3) {
  statements;
}
else
{
  statements;
}

if (expression1) {

statements;

} else if (expression2) {

statements;

} else if (expression3) {

statements;

}

else

{

statements;

}

#include <stdio.h>
   int main() {
      int per;
      printf("Enter your percentage of marks: ");
      scanf("%d", &per);

      if (per>90) {
               printf("Your Gread is O");
            }
       else if (per>80) {
               printf("Your Gread is E");
            }
       else if (per>70) {
               printf("Your Gread is A");
            }
            else if (per>60) {
               printf("Your Gread is B");
            }
            else if (per>50) {
               printf("Your Gread is C");
            }
            else if (per>40) {
               printf("Your Gread is D");
            }
            else if (per>30) {
               printf("Your Gread is F");
            }
            
         return 0;
      }

#include <stdio.h>

int main() {

int per;

printf("Enter your percentage of marks: ");

scanf("%d", &per);

if (per>90) {

printf("Your Gread is O");

}

else if (per>80) {

printf("Your Gread is E");

}

else if (per>70) {

printf("Your Gread is A");

}

else if (per>60) {

printf("Your Gread is B");

}

else if (per>50) {

printf("Your Gread is C");

}

else if (per>40) {

printf("Your Gread is D");

}

else if (per>30) {

printf("Your Gread is F");

}

return 0;

}

OUTPUT

Enter your percentage of marks:91
 Your Gread is O

1 2	Enter your percentage of marks:91 Your Gread is O

Assignment Operators in C Programming

March 30, 2019

In a C language there are following assignment operators −

Operator	Description	Example
=	assignment operator (it assigns values of right side operands to left side operand )	a=5
+=	Add assignment operator	a+=5
-=	Subtract assignment operator	a-=5
*=	Multiply assignment operator	a*=5
/=	Divide assignment operator	a/=5
%=	Modulus assignment operator	a%=5
<<=	Left shift assignment operator	a<<=5
>>=	Right shift assignment operator	a>>=5
&=	Bitwise AND assignment operator	a&=5
^=	Bitwise exclusive OR assignment operator	a^=5
\|=	Bitwise inclusive OR assignment operator	a\|=5

EXAMPLE: Use of assignment operators with arithmetic operators

#include <stdio.h> 
int main() {
  int a = 10;
    a +=5;     // 15 (a=a+5)
     printf("\nsum is %d",a);

    a-=5;       //10  (a=a-5)
     printf("\nsub is %d",a);

    a*=5;      //50   (a=a*5)
     printf("\nmul is %d",a);

    a/=5;      //10    (a=a/5)
    printf("\ndiv is %d",a);

    a%=5;
    printf("\nmod is %d",a);
    return 0;    
    
}

#include <stdio.h>

int main() {

int a = 10;

a +=5; // 15 (a=a+5)

printf("\nsum is %d",a);

a-=5; //10 (a=a-5)

printf("\nsub is %d",a);

a*=5; //50 (a=a*5)

printf("\nmul is %d",a);

a/=5; //10 (a=a/5)

printf("\ndiv is %d",a);

a%=5;

printf("\nmod is %d",a);

return 0;

}

Output

sum is 15
 sub is 10
 mul is 50
 div is 10
 mod is 0

sum is 15

sub is 10

mul is 50

div is 10

mod is 0

EXAMPLE: Use of assignment operators with bitwise operators

#
include < stdio.h >
  int main() {
    int a = 10;
    a <<= 2; // 15 (a=a+5)
    printf("\nleft shift is %d", a);

    a >>= 2; //10  (a=a-5)
    printf("\nright shift is %d", a);

    a &= 2; //50   (a=a*5)
    printf("\nbitwise and is %d", a);

    a ^= 2; //10    (a=a/5)
    printf("\nbitwise xor is %d", a);

    a |= 2;
    printf("\nbitwise or is %d", a);
    return 0;

  }

include < stdio.h >

int main() {

int a = 10;

a <<= 2; // 15 (a=a+5)

printf("\nleft shift is %d", a);

a >>= 2; //10 (a=a-5)

printf("\nright shift is %d", a);

a &= 2; //50 (a=a*5)

printf("\nbitwise and is %d", a);

a ^= 2; //10 (a=a/5)

printf("\nbitwise xor is %d", a);

a |= 2;

printf("\nbitwise or is %d", a);

return 0;

}

Output

left shift is 40
right shift is 10
bitwise and is 2
bitwise xor is 0
bitwise or is 2

left shift is 40

right shift is 10

bitwise and is 2

bitwise xor is 0

bitwise or is 2

Bitwise Operators in C Programming

March 30, 2019

In a C programming language Bitwise operator works on bits and perform bit-by-bit operation. There are following bitwise operators in C:-

Operator	Description	Example
&	Binary AND Operator	a & b
\|	Binary OR Operator	a\| b
^	Binary XOR Operator	a^b
~	Binary One’s Complement Operator is unary	~a
<<	Binary Left Shift Operator	a<<b
>>	Binary Right Shift Operator	a>>b

The truth tables for &, |, and ^ is as follows –

a	b	a & b	a \| b	a ^ b
0	0	0	0	0
0	1	0	1	1
1	1	1	1	0
1	0	0	1	1

Assume A = 60 and B = 13 in binary format, they will be as follows −

A in binary = 0011 1100 (60)

B in binary = 0000 1101 (13)

Bitwise AND (&)

A = 0011 1100 (60)

& B = 0000 1101 (13)

———————————————————

0000 1100 (12)

Bitwise OR (|)

A = 0011 1100 (60)

| B = 0000 1101 (13)

———————————————————

0011 1101 (61)

Bitwise XOR (|)

A = 0011 1100 (60)

^ B = 0000 1101 (13)

———————————————————

0011 0001 (49)

Binary Left Shift Operator

Left shift operator shift all the bits in a left direction to specified number of times.

i=16 //0001 0000

i = i &lt;&lt;2;          // 0100 0000  (shift left 2 bits, front 2 bits will be lost and appended 2 zero

1	i = i <<2; // 0100 0000 (shift left 2 bits, front 2 bits will be lost and appended 2 zero

Example:

#include<stdio.h>
int main() {
 int i = 16;		// 0001 0000
i = i>>2;  		// 0000 0100  (shift right 2 bits, last 2 bits will be lost, and 2 zero add in front) 
printf("i = %d", i);


  return 0;
}

#include<stdio.h>

int main() {

int i = 16; // 0001 0000

i = i>>2; // 0000 0100 (shift right 2 bits, last 2 bits will be lost, and 2 zero add in front)

printf("i = %d", i);

return 0;

}

i=64

i=64

Binary Right Shift Operator

Left shift operator shift all the bits in a left direction to specified number of times.

int i = 16; // 0001 0000

i = i>>2; // 0000 0100 (shift right 2 bits, last 2 bits will be lost, and 2 zero add in front)

Example

#include<stdio.h>
int main() {
 int i = 16;		// 0001 0000
i = i>>2;  		// 0000 0100  (shift right 2 bits, last 2 bits will be lost, and 2 zero add in front) 
printf("i = %d", i);


  return 0;
}

#include<stdio.h>

int main() {

int i = 16; // 0001 0000

i = i>>2; // 0000 0100 (shift right 2 bits, last 2 bits will be lost, and 2 zero add in front)

printf("i = %d", i);

return 0;

}

Output

i=4

i=4

Exapmle: Write a program to demonstrate Bitwise operator.

#include <stdio.h> 
int main() {
  int a = 60;
  int b = 13;
  int c, d, e, f, g, h;
  c = ~a; //c = -61		
  d = a | b; //d= 61		
  e = a & b; // e= 12
  f = a ^ b; //f=  49
  printf("\n value of c = %d", c);
  printf("\n value of d = %d", d);
  printf("\n value of e = %d", e);
  printf("\n value of f = %d", f);
  g = h = 16;
  g = g << 2; //g= 64
  h = h >> 2; // h=4;
  printf("\n value of g = %d", g);
  printf("\n value of h = %d", h);
}

#include <stdio.h>

int main() {

int a = 60;

int b = 13;

int c, d, e, f, g, h;

c = ~a; //c = -61

d = a | b; //d= 61

e = a & b; // e= 12

f = a ^ b; //f= 49

printf("\n value of c = %d", c);

printf("\n value of d = %d", d);

printf("\n value of e = %d", e);

printf("\n value of f = %d", f);

g = h = 16;

g = g << 2; //g= 64

h = h >> 2; // h=4;

printf("\n value of g = %d", g);

printf("\n value of h = %d", h);

}

OUTPUT

 value of c = -61
 value of d = 61
 value of e = 12
 value of f = 49
 value of g = 64
 value of h = 4

value of c = -61

value of d = 61

value of e = 12

value of f = 49

value of g = 64

value of h = 4

Relational Operators in C Programming

March 30, 2019

C Language has a following relational operators. For example: Assume variable A holds 100 and variable B holds 200 then −

Operator	Description	Example
==	Equals to	(A == B) is not true.
!=	Not equal	(A != B) is true.
>	Greater than	(A > B) is not true.
<	Less than	(A < B) is true.
>=	Greater than or equals to	(A >= B) is not true.
<=	Less than or equals to	(A <= B) is true.

Example: Write a C Program to find the largest of two numbers.

#include < stdio.h > int main() {
  int a, b, big;
  a = 10;
  b = 20;
  if (a > b) // if condition is true move inside if-statement
  {
    big = a;
  } else {
    big = b;
  }
  printf("Biggest of the two number is = %d", big);
  return 0;
}

#include < stdio.h > int main() {

int a, b, big;

a = 10;

b = 20;

if (a > b) // if condition is true move inside if-statement

{

big = a;

} else {

big = b;

}

printf("Biggest of the two number is = %d", big);

return 0;

}

Output

  Biggest of the two number is =  20

1	Biggest of the two number is = 20

Arithmetic Operators in C Programming

March 24, 2019

C language have a following arithmetic operators. Assume variable i holds 100 and variable j holds 200 then –

Operator	Description	Example
+	Adds two operands.	i + j = 300
−	Subtracts second operand from the first.	i − j = -100
*	Multiplies two operands.	i * j = 20000
/	Divide.	j / i = 2
%	Modulus Operator returns the remainder of integer division.	j % i = 0
++	Increment operator increases the value of variable by one.	i++ = 101
—	Decrement operator decreases the value of variable by one.	i– = 99

Example : Write a program to demonstrate the various arithmetic operators.

#include<stdio.h>	
int main() 	
{
    int a=10;
    int b=25;
    int c,d ,e,f;
    c=a+b;		// add value of variable a&b and store in variable c (c=35)
    d=b-a;		// subtract value of variable a from b and store in variable d (d=15)		
    e=b/a;		// e=2	
    f=b%a;		//f=5
   	printf(" value of c= %i", c);
   	printf("\n value of d= %i", d);	
   	printf("\n value of e= %i", e);	
   	printf("\n value of f= %i", f);			
   	return 0;
    
}

#include<stdio.h>

int main()

{

int a=10;

int b=25;

int c,d ,e,f;

c=a+b; // add value of variable a&b and store in variable c (c=35)

d=b-a; // subtract value of variable a from b and store in variable d (d=15)

e=b/a; // e=2

f=b%a; //f=5

printf(" value of c= %i", c);

printf("\n value of d= %i", d);

printf("\n value of e= %i", e);

printf("\n value of f= %i", f);

return 0;

}

OUTPUT

 value of c= 35
 value of d= 15
 value of e= 2
 value of f= 5

value of c= 35

value of d= 15

value of e= 2

value of f= 5

Increment and Decrement Operator

Increment operator ++
Decrement operator —

In a C language, Increment operator (++) increases the value of variable by one and Decrement operator (–) decreases the value of variable by one.

There are two form of increment and decrement operator:

Prefix form
Postfix form

Prefix Form : In the prefix expression operator appears in the expression before the operands.

Example : ++A

In the prefix form first the value of operand is increment or decrement than the value of operand is used in expression.

Example

int  i = 10;
j = ++i ;	// j=11 , i=11

1 2	int i = 10; j = ++i ; // j=11 , i=11

Postfix Form: In the postfix expression operator appears in the expression after the operands.

Example : A++

In the postfix form first the value of operand is used in expression than value of operand is incremented or decremented.

int  i = 10;										
j = i++ ;	// j=10, i=11

1 2	int i = 10; j = i++ ; // j=10, i=11

Example: Write a program to demonstrate the increment and decrement operator.

#include<stdio.h>
int main()	
{   
    int a=10;
    int b,c;
    b=++a;		// b=11, a=11
    c=a++;   	//c= 11, a=12
    printf(" value of a= %i", a);
    printf("\n value of b= %i", b);
    printf("\n value of c= %i", c);
    return 0;
   }

#include<stdio.h>

int main()

{

int a=10;

int b,c;

b=++a; // b=11, a=11

c=a++; //c= 11, a=12

printf(" value of a= %i", a);

printf("\n value of b= %i", b);

printf("\n value of c= %i", c);

return 0;

}

OUTPUT

value of a= 12
 value of b= 11
 value of c= 11

value of a= 12

value of b= 11

value of c= 11

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Assignment Operators in C Programming

Bitwise Operators in C Programming

Bitwise AND (&)

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Binary Left Shift Operator

Binary Right Shift Operator

Relational Operators in C Programming

Arithmetic Operators in C Programming

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