An operator is a symbol.
It is used to tells the compiler to perform specific mathematical or logical functions.
C++ language have a following types of built-in operators:−
- Arithmetic Operators
- Relational Operators
- Logical Operators
- Bitwise Operators
- Assignment Operators
Arithmetic Operators
C++ language have a following arithmetic operators.
Assume variable i holds 100 and variable j holds 200 then –
Operator | Description | Example |
---|---|---|
+ | Adds two operands. | i + j = 300 |
− | Subtracts second operand from the first. | i − j = -100 |
* | Multiplies two operands. | i * j = 20000 |
/ | Divide. | j / i = 2 |
% | Modulus Operator returns the remainder of integer division. | j % i = 0 |
++ | Increment operator increases the value of variable by one. | i++ = 101 |
— | Decrement operator decreases the value of variable by one. | i– = 99 |
Example : Write a C++ program to demonstrate the various arithmetic operators.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 | #include <iostream> using namespace std; int main() { int a = 10; int b = 25; int c, d, e, f; c = a + b; // add value of variable a&b and store in variable c (c=35) d = b - a; // subtract value of variable a from b and store in variable d (d=15) e = b / a; // e=2 f = b % a; //f=5 cout << "\n c = " << c; cout << "\n d = " << d; cout << "\n e = " << e; cout << "\n f = " << f; return 0; } |
Output
1 2 3 4 | c = 35 d = 15 e = 2 f = 5 |
Increment and Decrement Operator
- Increment operator ++
- Decrement operator —
In a C++ language, Increment operator (++) increases the value of variable by one and Decrement operator (–) decreases the value of variable by one.
There are two form of increment and decrement operator:
- Prefix form
- Postfix form
Prefix Form : In the prefix expression operator appears in the expression before the operands.
Example : ++A
In the prefix form first the value of operand is increment or decrement than the value of operand is used in expression.
For Example: int i = 10;
j = ++i ; // j=11 , i=11
Postfix Form: In the postfix expression operator appears in the expression after the operands.
Example : A++
In the postfix form first the value of operand is used in expression than value of operand is incremented or decremented.
For Example: int i = 10;
j = i++ ; // j=10, i=11
Example: Write a C++ program to demonstrate the increment and decrement operator.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 | #include <iostream> using namespace std; int main() { int a = 10; int b, c; b = ++a; // b=11, a=11 c = a++; //c= 11, a=12 cout << "\n a = " << a; cout << "\n b = " << b; cout << "\n c = " << c; return 0; } |
Output
1 2 3 | a = 12 b = 11 c = 11 |
Relational Operators
C++ Language has a following relational operators.
For example: Assume variable A holds 100 and variable B holds 200 then −
Operator | Description | Example |
== | Equals to | (A == B) is not true. |
!= | Not equal | (A != B) is true. |
> | Greater than | (A > B) is not true. |
< | Less than | (A < B) is true. |
>= | Greater than or equals to | (A >= B) is not true. |
<= | Less than or equals to | (A <= B) is true. |
Example: Write a C++ Program to find the largest of two numbers.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 | #include <iostream> using namespace std; int main() { int a = 10; int b = 50; if (a > b) { cout << "largest value = " << a; } else { cout << "largest value = " << b; } return 0; } |
Output
1 | largest value = 50 |
Logical Operators
There are three basic logical operators available in C++ language.
Assume variable A and B holds 1 and 0 respectively then –
Operator | Description | Example |
&& | AND operator (the condition becomes true if both the operands are non-zero) | (A && B) is false. |
|| | OR Operator (the condition becomes true if any of the two operands is non-zero) | (A || B) is true. |
! | NOT Operator (this operator reverse the logical state of operand. For example: If condition is true, then NOT operator will make it false) | !(A && B) is true. |
Example: Write a C++ Program to find the largest among three numbers using AND logical operator.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 | #include <iostream> using namespace std; int main() { int a, b, c; a = 50; b = 100; c = 20; if (a > b && a > c) { cout << " largest number is " << a; } else { if (b > c && b > a) cout << " largest number is " << b; else cout << " largest number is " << c; } return 0; } |
Output
1 | largest number is 100 |
Bitwise Operators
In a C++ programming language Bitwise operator works on bits and perform bit-by-bit operation.
There are following bitwise operators in C++:-
Operator | Description |
& | Binary AND Operator |
| | Binary OR Operator |
^ | Binary XOR Operator |
~ | Binary One’s Complement Operator is unary |
<< | Binary Left Shift Operator |
>> | Binary Right Shift Operator |
The truth tables for &, |, and ^ is as follows –
a | b | a & b | a | b | a ^ b |
---|---|---|---|---|
0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
Assume A = 60 and B = 13 in binary format, they will be as follows −
A in binary = 0011 1100 (60)
B in binary = 0000 1101 (13)
—————–
Bitwise AND (&)
A = 0011 1100 (60)
& B = 0000 1101 (13)
———————————————————
0000 1100 (12)
Bitwise OR (|)
A = 0011 1100 (60)
| B = 0000 1101 (13)
———————————————————
0011 1101 (61)
Bitwise XOR (^)
A = 0011 1100 (60)
^ B = 0000 1101 (13)
———————————————————
0011 0001 (49)
Binary Left Shift Operator
Left shift operator shift all the bits in a left direction to specified number of times.
Exapmle:
1 2 3 | int i = 16; // 0001 0000 i = i<<2; // 0100 0000 (shift left 2 bits, front 2 bits will be lost, and append 2 zero) cout<<“i =” << i; |
Output:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 | i = 64</p> <!-- /wp:paragraph --> <!-- wp:paragraph --> <p><strong>Binary Right Shift Operator</strong></p> <!-- /wp:paragraph --> <!-- wp:paragraph --> <p>Left shift operator shift all the bits in a left direction to specified number of times.</p> <!-- /wp:paragraph --> <!-- wp:paragraph --> <p><strong>Exapmle: </strong></p> <!-- /wp:paragraph --> <!-- wp:html --> <pre brush="c++"> int i = 16; // 0001 0000 i = i>>2; // 0000 0100 (shift right 2 bits, last 2 bits will be lost, and 2 zero add in front) cout<< “i =” << i; |
Output
1 | i=4 |
Exapmle: Write a program to demonstrate Bitwise operator.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 | #include <iostream> using namespace std; int main() { int a = 60; int b = 13; int c, d, e, f, g, h; c = ~a; //c = -61 d = a | b; //d= 61 e = a &b; // e= 12 f = a ^ b; //f= 49 cout << "\n c =" << c; cout << "\n d =" << d; cout << "\n e =" << e; cout << "\n f =" << f; g = h = 16; g = g << 2; //g= 64 h = h >> 2; // h=4; cout << "\n g =" << g; cout << "\n h =" << h; return 0; } |
Output
1 2 3 4 5 6 | c =-61 d =61 e =12 f =49 g =64 h =4 |
Assignment Operators
In a C++ language there are following assignment operators −
Operator | Description |
---|---|
= | assignment operator (it assigns values of right side operands to left side operand ) |
+= | Add assignment operator |
-= | Subtract assignment operator |
*= | Multiply assignment operator |
/= | Divide assignment operator |
%= | Modulus assignment operator |
<<= | Left shift assignment operator |
>>= | Right shift assignment operator |
&= | Bitwise AND assignment operator |
^= | Bitwise exclusive OR assignment operator |
|= | Bitwise inclusive OR assignment operator |
Add Assignment Operator
Example:
1 2 3 | int a = 5; // now set the value of a = 5; a+=4; // add assignment operator add 4 with a’s value(5) and save new value(9) again in a. cout<< “value of a =”<<, a); |
Output
1 | value of a = 9 |
Subtract Assignment Operator
Example:
1 2 3 | int a = 15; // now set the value of a = 5; a-=4; // subtract assignment operator subtract 4 from a’s value(15) and save new value(11) again in a. cout<< “value of a =”<<, a); |
Output
1 | value of a = 11 |
Multiply assignment operator
Example:
1 2 3 | int a = 5; // now set the value of a = 5; a*=4; // multiply assignment operator, multiply 4 with a’s value(5) and save new value(20) again in a. cout<< “value of a =”<<, a); |
Output
1 | value of a = 20 |
The ? Operator
This operator also known as conditional operator . It is similar to if-else statement.
Syntax of ? operator
Expression1 ? Expression 2 : Expression 3;
There are three expressions in ? operator, Expression1, Expression2, and Expression3 .
The value of a ? expression is determined like this −
- If Exp1 is true, then Exp2 is evaluated.
- If Exp1 is false, then Exp3 is evaluated.
Example: write a program to find the grater between two number using ? operator.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 | #include <iostream> using namespace std; int main() { int a, b, c; a = 10; b = 20; c = (a > b) ? a : b; cout << "\n grater value = " << c; return 0; } |
Output:
1 2 | grater value = 20 |
Example: write a program to find the grater among three number using ? operator.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 | #include <iostream> using namespace std; int main() { int a, b, c, d; a = 160; b = 200; c = 30; d = (a > b) ? (a > c ? a : c) : (b > c ? b : c); cout << "\n grater value = " << d; return 0; } |
Output
1 | grater value = 200 |