Landmark Constitutional Amendments Flashcards

Key constitutional amendment acts and what they changed.

1st Amendment (1951)

Added the Ninth Schedule to protect land reform laws.

7th Amendment (1956)

Reorganised states on a linguistic basis; abolished Part A, B, C, D classification of states.

42nd Amendment (1976)

Called the 'Mini-Constitution'.
Added Socialist, Secular and Integrity to the Preamble; added Fundamental Duties.

44th Amendment (1978)

Removed Right to Property from Fundamental Rights (now Article 300A).
Replaced 'internal disturbance' with 'armed rebellion' for emergencies.

52nd Amendment (1985)

Anti-defection law – added the Tenth Schedule.

61st Amendment (1989)

Reduced voting age from 21 to 18 years.

73rd Amendment (1992)

Constitutional status to Panchayati Raj.
Added Part IX and the 11th Schedule.

74th Amendment (1992)

Constitutional status to Urban Local Bodies (municipalities).
Added Part IXA and the 12th Schedule.

86th Amendment (2002)

Made elementary education a Fundamental Right (Article 21A) and added a Fundamental Duty (Article 51A(k)).

101st Amendment (2016)

Introduced Goods and Services Tax (GST).

103rd Amendment (2019)

10% reservation for Economically Weaker Sections (EWS).

104th Amendment (2019)

Extended SC/ST seat reservation in Lok Sabha and assemblies by 10 years; ended nominated Anglo-Indian seats.

106th Amendment (2023)

One-third reservation for women in Lok Sabha and state assemblies (Nari Shakti Vandan Adhiniyam).