Child Development and Pedagogy Flashcards

CDP theories of cognitive, social and moral development and learning.

Sensorimotor stage: Birth to 2 years – object permanence develops.
Pre-operational stage: 2 to 7 years – symbolic thought, egocentrism, animism.
Concrete operational stage: 7 to 11 years – conservation, reversibility, logical thinking about concrete objects.
Formal operational stage: 11 years onwards – abstract and hypothetical-deductive reasoning.
Schema: Mental framework for organising knowledge.
Assimilation: Fitting new information into an existing schema.
Accommodation: Changing an existing schema to fit new information.
Equilibration: Balancing assimilation and accommodation to reach understanding.
Piaget's view of the child: An active 'little scientist' who constructs knowledge (constructivism).
Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD): Gap between what a learner can do alone and what they can do with guidance.
More Knowledgeable Other (MKO): Anyone with more skill – teacher, peer or parent – who guides the learner.
Scaffolding: Temporary support that is withdrawn as the learner becomes independent.
Term coined by Wood, Bruner and Ross (1976), based on the ZPD.
Private speech: Children talking to themselves to guide their thinking – later becomes inner speech.
Role of culture and language: Learning is social; language and culture shape thinking.
Vygotsky vs Piaget: Vygotsky: learning leads development (social).
Piaget: development precedes learning (individual).
Levels of Kohlberg's theory: Pre-conventional, Conventional, Post-conventional – 3 levels, 6 stages.
Stage 1: Obedience and punishment orientation.
Stage 2: Individualism and exchange (self-interest).
Stage 3: Good boy–good girl orientation (interpersonal relationships).
Stage 4: Law and order orientation.
Stage 5: Social contract orientation.
Stage 6: Universal ethical principles.
Heinz dilemma: Moral dilemma Kohlberg used to study moral reasoning.
Main critic of Kohlberg: Carol Gilligan – argued for an 'ethics of care'.
Thorndike: Trial-and-error learning; laws of Readiness, Exercise and Effect.
Pavlov: Classical conditioning (dog and bell experiment).
B.F. Skinner: Operant conditioning; reinforcement (Skinner box).
Albert Bandura: Social / observational learning (Bobo doll experiment).
Wolfgang Köhler: Insight learning – chimpanzee Sultan (Gestalt school).
Jerome Bruner: Discovery learning; enactive, iconic, symbolic modes; spiral curriculum.
Howard Gardner: Theory of Multiple Intelligences (1983) – later 8 intelligences.
Bloom's Taxonomy (revised 2001): Remember, Understand, Apply, Analyse, Evaluate, Create.
Erik Erikson: Psychosocial development – 8 stages.
Abraham Maslow: Hierarchy of needs.
Alfred Binet: First intelligence test (Binet–Simon scale, 1905).
IQ formula: IQ = (Mental Age ÷ Chronological Age) × 100.